Procambium is a form of meristematic tissue. In general, the meristematic tissues are involved in the growth and development of the plants. Therefore, it consists of a group of undifferentiated cells that can be specialized into a variety of cells and organs after cell division. For instance-some cells develop into an epidermis while the other cells develop into vascular tissues. There are two types of meristems identified in plants- the primary and the secondary meristem. Procambium is known to provide cells during both stages of development. The primary meristem is needed for the primary growth and development of the plant. This involves development in terms of length and height. However, the secondary meristem is needed for secondary growth like increasing the thickness of the plants. Procambium in the shoot tip is referred to as apical meristems. In vascular plants, the tip of the apical meristems develops into protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem. The part of the meristem that grows into the vascular tissues like the primary xylem and the phloem is called the procambium. Besides, secondary vascular tissues of vascular and cork cambium also develop from procambium.
Xylem:
Xylem is a vascular tissue that develops from the procambium. It transports the water and nutrients to all parts of the plant from the roots. They are also needed to provide strength to the stem and leaves. The procambium present in the apical meristems of shoot and root rapidly divides to form the xylem tissues. Primary xylem is the major transporting tissue in most plants. However, in few woody plants, the primary xylem dies out, loses its conduction ability, and turns into a hard skeleton just to add mechanical strength to the plant. This process gives rise to the development of secondary xylem and this gets inculcated in the mature roots and stem. For instance- the trunk or the bark of old trees contains primary xylem in the interior portion for mechanical support and has secondary xylem on the outer surface to serve the purpose of water conduction.
Phloem:
The region of the new cells in the apical meristem of shoot and root differentiates into the primary phloem. It can be either the protophloem with the immature cells or the metaphloem which are the mature cells that appear after the elongation of the plants. Phloem in combination with xylem helps in the conduction of substances from the roots to the parts of the plant. As the plant ages, the protophloem will not be able to elongate further and eventually dies out. However, the metaphloem remains active throughout the life of the plant. In few trees that cambium, like the palm tree, this metaphloem disintegrates and gives rise to the secondary phloem tissues.
Vascular bundles:
Xylem and phloem together are named vascular bundles. They are present in groups throughout the plant. However, the position of these tissues differs in each plant. For instance- in the leaf, the phloem is found on the lower surface closer to the stem.
Root:
The xylem vessels that are present in the roots are extremely strong and hard. They are present in the center portion of the root to resist the forces that can potentially uproot a plant.
Stem:
The property of the stem to resist compression and bending is due to the presence of vascular bundles aligned at the edge of the stem. The xylem is present inside with the phloem surrounding it at the outer portion.
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