Self-report methods are considered to be the commonest way of collecting data by scientists and researchers. Besides that this form of data collection is cheap and less time-consuming. Also, the way these assessments can be administered is much easier when compared to other forms of data collection. Self-report assessments are being done by providing questionnaires or by taking interviews. The interviews can be either telephonic or face to face. It is very important to look into the reliability and validity of the self-report assessments since the data is derived from this should be fit for various applications or to meet the goal of research. Sometimes, the data could even be unreliable which is not because of the fault in the self-report questions; instead, it could be due to the manipulation of response by the test taker. The way the individual responds to the questions is significant to understand the reliability of the data.
The act of giving misleading or false information by an individual could be due to a wide variety of reasons. The reasons are explained as below:
Social-desirability bias: Subjects undertaking the test usually tend to answer based on society’s perspective rather than their perspective. The fear to provide personal information that is not in line with the society’s concept or mentality restrains them from giving their actual opinion. In a way, the freedom to express one’s opinion is put at risk on considering social desirability. People do fear what if they are being judged based on their perspective and to avoid taking risks, they consider being submissive to society.
Careless responding: When self-reported assessments are being given to subjects, they should be made aware of the importance of the test. Most of the time, this explanation is not properly given to the subjects, thus the result is obtained cannot be used for any purpose. The subject should also be carefully selected instead of random selection, since many may not understand the importance of the test. It results in reckless answering by the subjects. They may not take efforts to understand the meaning of questions and the importance to give an appropriate response, instead just prefer to finish the test soon for submission.
Response style: Subjects’ way of responding will be different from one another. To respond accurately, subjects, first of all, should have an obvious understanding of their extent of behavior or character or events. Normally, the awareness of the intensity of their behavior is very much less. Due to this the style of responding will be either towards one end of the opinion. That means, subjects usually have this way of agreeing to all questions or disagreeing with all. Sometimes, subjects tend to opt for a neutral option for all the questions. This way of responding doesn’t produce effective results since the results are on one extreme side. This is why subject selection matters. The interest and willingness of subjects to disclose their information as well as to undertake the test plays a key role in producing reliable data.
Memory errors: Individuals do tend to have difficulty in recollecting an experience usually. The ability to distinguish a real experience from an image is a strenuous task since many fail to conclude. So when there exists the difficulty to recollect an event that happened in their past and the same had to be answered for the questions, there is a high chance of getting the wrong information. Maybe the response would have been imaginary since the person felt like it was an actual event. This kind of confusion to discriminate between reality and imagination contributes to wrong results. Here the behavior of providing misleading information is unintentional; the person may not be intending to give a false response.
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